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what was the original meaning of the word sloth according to alan keith lucas

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Customs or order possessing highly desirable or perfect qualities

A utopia ( yoo-TOH-pee-ə) typically describes an imaginary community or society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities for its members.[ane] Information technology was coined by Sir Thomas More for his 1516 book Utopia, describing a fictional isle society in the New World. Withal, it may also denote an intentional customs. In mutual parlance, the give-and-take or its adjectival form may be used synonymously with "impossible", "far-fetched" or "deluded".

Hypothetical utopias focus on—amongst other things—equality, in such categories as economic science, government and justice, with the method and structure of proposed implementation varying based on ideology.[2] Lyman Tower Sargent argues that the nature of a utopia is inherently contradictory considering societies are not homogeneous and have desires which conflict and therefore cannot simultaneously exist satisfied. To quote:

At that place are socialist, capitalist, monarchical, democratic, anarchist, ecological, feminist, patriarchal, egalitarian, hierarchical, racist, left-wing, correct-fly, reformist, free love, nuclear family unit, extended family, gay, lesbian and many more than utopias [ Naturism, Nude Christians, ...] Utopianism, some argue, is essential for the improvement of the human condition. But if used wrongly, it becomes dangerous. Utopia has an inherent contradictory nature here.

—Lyman Tower Sargent, Utopianism: A very short introduction (2010)[3]

The opposite of a utopia is a dystopia or cacotopia (concepts not much discussed until the 19th century, and for which dystopia has become the near pop literary category).

Etymology and history [edit]

This is the woodcut for Utopia'south map as it appears in Thomas More's Utopia printed past Dirk Martens in December 1516 (the kickoff edition).

The discussion utopia was coined in 1516 from Ancient Greek by the Englishman Sir Thomas More for his Latin text Utopia. It literally translates as "no place", coming from the Greek: οὐ ("not") and τόπος ("place"), and meant any non-existent lodge, when 'described in considerable item'[ clarification needed ]. However, in standard usage, the give-and-take'due south meaning has shifted and now usually describes a non-real society that is intended to be viewed equally considerably better than contemporary society.[iv]

In his original work, More than advisedly pointed out the similarity of the discussion to eutopia, meaning "good place", from Greek: εὖ ("expert" or "well") and τόπος ("place"), which ostensibly would be the more appropriate term for the concept in modern English. The pronunciations of eutopia and utopia in English language are identical, which may have given rising to the alter in significant.[4] [5] Dystopia, a term meaning "bad place" coined in 1868, draws on this latter meaning. The opposite of a utopia, dystopia is a concept which surpassed utopia in popularity in the fictional literature from the 1950s onwards, importantly considering of the impact of George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty‑4.

In 1876, writer Charles Renouvier published a novel called Uchronia (French Uchronie).[6] The neologism, using chronos instead of topos, has since been used to refer to non-existent idealized times in fiction, such every bit Philip Roth's The Plot Against America (2004),[vii] and Philip 1000. Dick'south The Man in the High Castle (1962).[eight]

Co-ordinate to the Philosophical Lexicon, proto-utopian ideas begin as early as the flow of ancient Greece and Rome, medieval heretics, peasant revolts and establish themselves in the period of the early commercialism, reformation and Renaissance (Hus, Müntzer, More, Campanella), autonomous revolutions (Meslier, Morelly, Mably, Winstanley, after Babeufists, Blanquists,) and in a period of turbulent evolution of capitalism that highlighted antagonisms of capitalist gild (Saint-Simon, Fourier, Owen, Cabet, Lamennais, Proudhon and their followers).[9]

Definitions and interpretations [edit]

Famous writers about utopia:

  • "There is nothing like a dream to create the future. Utopia to-day, flesh and blood tomorrow." —Victor Hugo
  • "A map of the world that does not include Utopia is not worth fifty-fifty glancing at, for it leaves out the ane country at which Humanity is always landing. And when Humanity lands there, information technology looks out, and, seeing a better country, sets sail. Progress is the realisation of Utopias." —Oscar Wilde
  • "Utopias are often only premature truths." —Alphonse De Lamartine
  • "None of the abstruse concepts comes closer to fulfilled utopia than that of eternal peace." —Theodor W. Adorno
  • "I recall that there is always a part of utopia in any romantic human relationship." —Pedro Almodovar
  • "In ourselves alone the absolute light keeps shining, a sigillum falsi et sui, mortis et vitae aeternae [simulated betoken and signal of eternal life and decease itself], and the fantastic move to it begins: to the external interpretation of the daydream, the cosmic manipulation of a concept that is utopian in principle." —Ernst Bloch
  • "When I die, I desire to die in a Utopia that I accept helped to build." —Henry Kuttner
  • "A human being must be far gone in Utopian speculations who can seriously dubiety that if these [United] States should either be wholly disunited, or merely united in fractional confederacies, the subdivisions into which they might be thrown would have frequent and violent contests with each other." —Alexander Hamilton, Federalist No. six.
  • "Most dictionaries associate utopia with ideal commonwealths, which they characterize every bit an empirical realization of an ideal life in an ideal society. Utopias, particularly social utopias, are associated with the idea of social justice." — Lukáš Perný [10]

Utopian socialist Etienne Cabet in his utopian volume The Voyage to Icaria cited the definition from the contemporary Dictionary of upstanding and political sciences:

Utopias and other models of government, based on the public adept, may exist inconceivable because of the disordered homo passions which, under the wrong governments, seek to highlight the poorly conceived or selfish involvement of the community. But even though we discover it impossible, they are ridiculous to sinful people whose sense of self-destruction prevents them from believing.

Marx and Engels used the word "utopia" to denote unscientific social theories.[eleven]

Philosopher Slavoj Žižek told most utopia:

Which ways that we should reinvent utopia but in what sense. There are 2 false meanings of utopia one is this old notion of imagining this platonic gild nosotros know volition never be realized, the other is the capitalist utopia in the sense of new perverse want that you are not simply immune only even solicited to realize. The truthful utopia is when the situation is so without issue, without the way to resolve it within the coordinates of the possible that out of the pure urge of survival yous have to invent a new space. Utopia is non kind of a free imagination utopia is a thing of inner most urgency, you are forced to imagine it, it is the only way out, and this is what we need today."[12]

Philosopher Milan Šimečka said:

... utopism was a common blazon of thinking at the dawn of homo civilization. We find utopian beliefs in the oldest religious imaginations, appear regularly in the neighborhood of ancient, yet pre-philosophical views on the causes and meaning of natural events, the purpose of cosmos, the path of good and evil, happiness and misfortune, fairy tales and legends later inspired past poetry and philosophy ... the underlying motives on which utopian literature is built are as old every bit the entire historical epoch of human history. "[13]

Philosopher Richard Stahel said:

... every social organization relies on something that is non realized or feasible, but has the ideal that is somewhere beyond the horizon, a lighthouse to which information technology may seek to arroyo if it considers that platonic socially valid and mostly accustomed."[fourteen]

Varieties [edit]

Chronologically, the starting time recorded Utopian proposal is Plato's Commonwealth.[xv] Part conversation, role fictional depiction and part policy proposal, Republic would categorize citizens into a rigid class structure of "aureate," "silverish," "bronze" and "fe" socioeconomic classes. The gold citizens are trained in a rigorous 50-year-long educational programme to be benign oligarchs, the "philosopher-kings." Plato stressed this structure many times in statements, and in his published works, such as the Republic. The wisdom of these rulers will supposedly eliminate poverty and impecuniousness through fairly distributed resources, though the details on how to practice this are unclear. The educational plan for the rulers is the fundamental notion of the proposal. It has few laws, no lawyers and rarely sends its citizens to war but hires mercenaries from among its state of war-decumbent neighbors. These mercenaries were deliberately sent into unsafe situations in the hope that the more warlike populations of all surrounding countries will be weeded out, leaving peaceful peoples.

During the 16th century, Thomas More's volume Utopia proposed an platonic society of the aforementioned name.[16] Readers, including Utopian socialists, have called to accept this imaginary society as the realistic blueprint for a working nation, while others have postulated that Thomas More intended nothing of the sort.[17] It is believed that More's Utopia functions but on the level of a satire, a work intended to reveal more well-nigh the England of his time than near an idealistic order.[18] This interpretation is bolstered past the championship of the book and nation and its credible confusion between the Greek for "no place" and "expert place": "utopia" is a compound of the syllable ou-, meaning "no" and topos, meaning place. But the homophonic prefix eu-, meaning "good," also resonates in the word, with the implication that the perfectly "good place" is really "no place."

Mythical and religious utopias [edit]

In many cultures, societies, and religions, there is some myth or retentivity of a distant by when humankind lived in a primitive and simple state but at the aforementioned time one of perfect happiness and fulfillment. In those days, the various myths tell usa, at that place was an instinctive harmony between humanity and nature. People'due south needs were few and their desires limited. Both were easily satisfied by the abundance provided by nature. Accordingly, in that location were no motives whatsoever for war or oppression. Nor was there any need for hard and painful piece of work. Humans were uncomplicated and pious and felt themselves shut to their God or gods. Co-ordinate to i anthropological theory, hunter-gatherers were the original affluent social club.

These mythical or religious archetypes are inscribed in many cultures and resurge with special vitality when people are in difficult and disquisitional times. However, in utopias, the projection of the myth does not take place towards the remote past but either towards the futurity or towards distant and fictional places, imagining that at some time in the future, at some indicate in space, or across death, there must exist the possibility of living happily.

In the United States and Europe, during the 2d Great Awakening (ca. 1790–1840) and thereafter, many radical religious groups formed utopian societies in which faith could govern all aspects of members' lives. These utopian societies included the Shakers, who originated in England in the 18th century and arrived in America in 1774. A number of religious utopian societies from Europe came to the Us in the 18th and 19th centuries, including the Society of the Woman in the Wilderness (led by Johannes Kelpius (1667–1708)), the Ephrata Cloister (established in 1732) and the Harmony Lodge, among others. The Harmony Society was a Christian theosophy and pietist group founded in Iptingen, Germany, in 1785. Due to religious persecution by the Lutheran Church and the government in Württemberg,[19] the guild moved to the United states of america on October vii, 1803, settling in Pennsylvania. On February 15, 1805, about 400 followers formally organized the Harmony Guild, placing all their appurtenances in common. The group lasted until 1905, making it one of the longest-running financially successful communes in American history.

The Oneida Community, founded by John Humphrey Noyes in Oneida, New York, was a utopian religious commune that lasted from 1848 to 1881. Although this utopian experiment has become better known today for its manufacture of Oneida silverware, information technology was one of the longest-running communes in American history. The Amana Colonies were communal settlements in Iowa, started by radical German pietists, which lasted from 1855 to 1932. The Amana Corporation, manufacturer of refrigerators and household appliances, was originally started by the grouping. Other examples are Fountain Grove (founded in 1875), Riker's Holy City and other Californian utopian colonies between 1855 and 1955 (Hine), as well as Sointula[20] in British Columbia, Canada. The Amish and Hutterites can too be considered an endeavor towards religious utopia. A broad multifariousness of intentional communities with some type of faith-based ideas have also started beyond the world.

Anthropologist Richard Sosis examined 200 communes in the 19th-century United States, both religious and secular (mostly utopian socialist). 39 percent of the religious communes were all the same functioning 20 years after their founding while only six per centum of the secular communes were.[21] The number of costly sacrifices that a religious district demanded from its members had a linear effect on its longevity, while in secular communes demands for plush sacrifices did not correlate with longevity and the bulk of the secular communes failed within 8 years. Sosis cites anthropologist Roy Rappaport in arguing that rituals and laws are more effective when sacralized.[22] Social psychologist Jonathan Haidt cites Sosis'south enquiry in his 2012 book The Righteous Mind equally the all-time evidence that religion is an adaptive solution to the free-rider problem by enabling cooperation without kinship.[23] Evolutionary medicine researcher Randolph M. Nesse and theoretical biologist Mary Jane Due west-Eberhard have argued instead that because humans with altruistic tendencies are preferred as social partners they receive fitness advantages by social selection, with Nesse arguing farther that social selection enabled humans as a species to become extraordinarily cooperative and capable of creating culture.[28]

The Book of Revelation in the Christian Bible depicts an eschatological time with the defeat of Satan, of Evil and of Sin. The main divergence compared to the Old Attestation promises is that such a defeat also has an ontological value (Rev 21:1;4: "Then I saw 'a new heaven and a new world,' for the first heaven and the first earth had passed away, and at that place was no longer whatsoever sea...'He will wipe every tear from their eyes. There will be no more decease' or mourning or crying or pain, for the sometime social club of things has passed abroad") and no longer just gnosiological (Isaiah 65:17: "See, I will create/new heavens and a new earth./The former things will not be remembered,/nor will they come to mind").[29] [30] Narrow interpretation of the text depicts Sky on Earth or a Sky brought to Earth without sin. Daily and mundane details of this new Earth, where God and Jesus dominion, remain unclear, although it is implied to be similar to the biblical Garden of Eden. Some theological philosophers believe that heaven will not exist a physical realm but instead an incorporeal place for souls.[31]

Aureate Age [edit]

The Greek poet Hesiod, around the eighth century BC, in his compilation of the mythological tradition (the poem Works and Days), explained that, prior to the nowadays era, there were four other progressively more perfect ones, the oldest of which was the Golden Age.

Scheria [edit]

Perhaps the oldest Utopia of which we know, as pointed out many years ago past Moses Finley,[32] is Homer's Scheria, isle of the Phaeacians.[33] A mythical place, often equated with classical Corcyra, (modern Corfu/Kerkyra), where Odysseus was washed ashore after 10 years of storm-tossed wandering and escorted to the Male monarch'south palace by his daughter Nausicaa. With stout walls, a stone temple and skillful harbours, information technology is perhaps the 'platonic' Greek colony, a model for those founded from the heart of the 8th C onward. A country of enough, home to practiced mariners (how could they fail to be with the self-navigating ships Homer describes), and skilled craftswomen who live in peace under their King'due south rule and fear no strangers.

Plutarch, the Greek historian and biographer of the 1st century, dealt with the blissful and mythic by of the humanity.

Arcadia [edit]

From Sir Philip Sidney'south prose romance The One-time Arcadia (1580), originally a region in the Peloponnesus, Arcadia became a synonym for whatever rural area that serves as a pastoral setting, a locus amoenus ("delightful identify").

The Biblical Garden of Eden [edit]

The Biblical Garden of Eden as depicted in the Old Testament Bible's Book of Genesis 2 (Authorized Version of 1611):

And the Lord God planted a garden eastward in Eden; and there he put the man whom he had formed. Out of the basis made the Lord God to abound every tree that is pleasant to the sight and practiced for food; the tree of life also in the midst of the garden and the tree of knowledge of skillful and evil. [...]
And the Lord God took the man and put him into the garden of Eden to clothes it and to keep it. And the Lord God commanded the man, maxim, Of every tree of the garden yard mayest freely eat: but of the tree of the cognition of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of information technology: for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die. [...]
And the Lord God said, It is not skilful that the homo should be alone; [...] And the Lord God acquired a deep sleep to fall upon Adam and he slept: and he took one of his ribs and airtight upwards the flesh instead thereof and the rib, which the Lord God had taken from human being, fabricated he a woman and brought her unto the man.

Co-ordinate to the exegesis that the biblical theologian Herbert Haag proposes in the book Is original sin in Scripture?,[34] published presently after the Second Vatican Quango, Genesis ii:25 would indicate that Adam and Eve were created from the beginning naked of the divine grace, an originary grace that, and so, they would never have had and fifty-fifty less would have lost due to the subsequent events narrated. On the other hand, while supporting a continuity in the Bible about the absenteeism of preternatural gifts (Latin: dona praeternaturalia)[35] with regard to the ophitic outcome, Haag never makes whatever reference to the aperture of the loss of access to the tree of life.

The Land of Cockaigne [edit]

The Land of Cockaigne (also Cockaygne, Cokaygne), was an imaginary land of idleness and luxury, famous in medieval stories and the subject of several poems, one of which, an early translation of a 13th-century French work, is given in George Ellis' Specimens of Early English Poets. In this, "the houses were made of barley sugar and cakes, the streets were paved with pastry and the shops supplied appurtenances for nothing." London has been so called (see Cockney) but Boileau applies the same to Paris.[36]

The Peach Flower Leap [edit]

The Peach Blossom Spring (桃花源), a prose piece written by the Chinese poet Tao Yuanming, describes a utopian place.[37] [38] The narrative goes that a fisherman from Wuling sailed upstream a river and came across a cute blossoming peach grove and lush green fields covered with blossom petals.[39] Entranced past the dazzler, he connected upstream and stumbled onto a minor grotto when he reached the end of the river.[39] Though narrow at beginning, he was able to clasp through the passage and discovered an ethereal utopia, where the people led an platonic existence in harmony with nature.[40] He saw a vast surface area of fertile lands, articulate ponds, mulberry trees, bamboo groves and the like with a customs of people of all ages and houses in neat rows.[40] The people explained that their ancestors escaped to this place during the civil unrest of the Qin dynasty and they themselves had not left since or had contact with anyone from the outside.[41] They had not even heard of the later dynasties of bygone times or the then-electric current Jin dynasty.[41] In the story, the community was secluded and unaffected by the troubles of the outside globe.[41]

The sense of timelessness was predominant in the story equally a perfect utopian community remains unchanged, that is, it had no decline nor the need to ameliorate.[41] Somewhen, the Chinese term Peach Blossom Spring came to be synonymous for the concept of utopia.[42]

Datong [edit]

Datong is a traditional Chinese Utopia. The main description of information technology is establish in the Chinese Archetype of Rites, in the chapter chosen "Li Yun" (禮運). Subsequently, Datong and its platonic of 'The World Belongs to Everyone/The Earth is Held in Common' 'Tianxia weigong/天下为公' 'influenced modern Chinese reformers and revolutionaries, such as Kang Youwei.

Ketumati [edit]

It is said, once Maitreya is reborn into the future kingdom of Ketumati, a utopian historic period will commence.[43] The metropolis is described in Buddhism as a domain filled with palaces fabricated of gems and surrounded by Kalpavriksha trees producing goods. During its years, none of the inhabitants of Jambudvipa will need to accept part in cultivation and hunger will no longer be.[44]

Schlaraffenland [edit]

Schlaraffenland is an analogous German tradition.

All these myths also express some hope that the idyllic state of affairs they describe is non irretrievably and irrevocably lost to flesh, that it can be regained in some way or other.

Ane manner might be a quest for an "earthly paradise" – a place like Shangri-La, subconscious in the Tibetan mountains and described past James Hilton in his utopian novel Lost Horizon (1933). Christopher Columbus followed directly in this tradition in his belief that he had found the Garden of Eden when, towards the end of the 15th century, he first encountered the New World and its indigenous inhabitants.

Philosophic Utopias [edit]

Modern utopias [edit]

In the 21st century, discussions around utopia for some authors include mail service-scarcity economic science, belatedly capitalism, and universal basic income; for instance, the "human capitalism" utopia envisioned in Utopia for Realists (2016) includes a universal bones income and a 15-hour workweek, along with open borders.[45]

Scandinavian nations, which as of 2019 ranked at the superlative of the World Happiness Report, are sometimes cited as modernistic utopias, although British author Michael Booth has called that a myth and wrote a 2014 volume about the Nordic countries.[46]

Economic science [edit]

Peculiarly in the early 19th century, several utopian ideas arose, frequently in response to the belief that social disruption was created and acquired by the development of capitalism and capitalism. These ideas are ofttimes grouped in a greater "utopian socialist" movement, due to their shared characteristics. A once common characteristic is an egalitarian distribution of goods, frequently with the total abolition of money. Citizens only do work which they enjoy and which is for the common good, leaving them with ample time for the cultivation of the arts and sciences. One classic example of such a utopia appears in Edward Bellamy's 1888 novel Looking Backward. William Morris depicts some other socialist utopia in his 1890 novel News from Nowhere, written partially in response to the top-down (bureaucratic) nature of Bellamy'southward utopia, which Morris criticized. However, as the socialist movement developed, it moved abroad from utopianism; Marx in particular became a harsh critic of earlier socialism which he described as "utopian". (For more information, encounter the History of Socialism article.) In a materialist utopian society, the economic system is perfect; there is no inflation and just perfect social and financial equality exists.

Edward Gibbon Wakefield's utopian theorizing on systematic colonial settlement policy in the early-19th century also centred on economic considerations, but with a view to preserving class distinctions;[47] Wakefield influenced several colonies founded in New Zealand and Australia in the 1830s, 1840s and 1850s.

In 1905, H.G. Wells published A Modern Utopia, which was widely read and admired and provoked much discussion. Also consider Eric Frank Russell's book The Cracking Explosion (1963), the last section of which details an economic and social utopia. This forms the offset mention of the thought of Local Commutation Trading Systems (LETS).

During the "Khrushchev Thaw" menstruum,[48] the Soviet writer Ivan Efremov produced the science-fiction utopia Andromeda (1957) in which a major cultural thaw took place: humanity communicates with a milky way-wide Groovy Circle and develops its technology and culture within a social framework characterized by vigorous competition between culling philosophies.

The English political philosopher James Harrington (1611-1677), writer of the utopian work The Commonwealth of Oceana, published in 1656, inspired English country-party republicanism (1680s to 1740s) and became influential in the blueprint of iii American colonies. His theories ultimately contributed to the idealistic principles of the American Founders. The colonies of Carolina (founded in 1670), Pennsylvania (founded in 1681), and Georgia (founded in 1733) were the but 3 English colonies in America that were planned as utopian societies with an integrated concrete, economic and social blueprint. At the heart of the plan for Georgia was a concept of "agrestal equality" in which land was allocated equally and additional land acquisition through purchase or inheritance was prohibited; the program was an early step toward the yeoman republic later envisioned by Thomas Jefferson.[49] [fifty] [51]

The communes of the 1960s in the U.s.a. often represented an try to profoundly improve the way humans live together in communities. The back-to-the-state movements and hippies inspired many to try to live in peace and harmony on farms or in remote areas and to set new types of governance.[52] Communes similar Kaliflower, which existed between 1967 and 1973, attempted to live outside of guild's norms and to create their own ideal communalist lodge.[53] [54]

People all over the world organized and built intentional communities with the hope of developing a better way of living together. While many of these new pocket-sized communities failed, some continue to grow, such as the organized religion-based Twelve Tribes, which started in the U.s.a. in 1972. Since its inception, it has grown into many groups around the earth.

Science and technology [edit]

Utopian flight machines, France, 1890–1900 (chromolithograph trading menu)

Though Francis Bacon's New Atlantis is imbued with a scientific spirit, scientific and technological utopias tend to exist based in the time to come, when information technology is believed that advanced science and technology will allow utopian living standards; for instance, the absence of death and suffering; changes in human being nature and the human condition. Applied science has afflicted the way humans have lived to such an extent that normal functions, like sleep, eating or fifty-fifty reproduction, take been replaced by artificial means. Other examples include a society where humans take struck a residual with applied science and it is simply used to heighten the human living condition (east.g. Star Trek). In place of the static perfection of a utopia, libertarian transhumanists envision an "extropia", an open, evolving lodge allowing individuals and voluntary groupings to course the institutions and social forms they prefer.

Mariah Utsawa presented a theoretical basis for technological utopianism and set out to develop a variety of technologies ranging from maps to designs for cars and houses which might lead to the development of such a utopia.

One notable case of a technological and libertarian socialist utopia is Scottish author Iain Banks' Civilization.

Opposing this optimism is the prediction that advanced scientific discipline and applied science will, through deliberate misuse or accident, cause environmental harm or even humanity's extinction. Critics, such equally Jacques Ellul and Timothy Mitchell advocate precautions against the premature cover of new technologies. Both raise questions nigh changing responsibility and freedom brought by division of labour. Authors such as John Zerzan and Derrick Jensen consider that modernistic technology is progressively depriving humans of their autonomy and advocate the collapse of the industrial civilization, in favor of small-scale organization, as a necessary path to avoid the threat of engineering on homo liberty and sustainability.

There are many examples of techno-dystopias portrayed in mainstream civilisation, such equally the classics Brave New World and Nineteen 80-4, often published as "1984", which have explored some of these topics.

Feminism [edit]

Utopias accept been used to explore the ramifications of genders being either a societal construct or a biologically "difficult-wired" imperative or some mix of the two.[55] Socialist and economic utopias take tended to take the "woman question" seriously and oft to offer some form of equality between the sexes as part and parcel of their vision, whether this be by addressing misogyny, reorganizing society along separatist lines, creating a certain kind of androgynous equality that ignores gender or in some other fashion. For example, Edward Bellamy's Looking Astern (1887) responded, progressively for his day, to the contemporary women'south suffrage and women'due south rights movements. Bellamy supported these movements by incorporating the equality of women and men into his utopian earth'southward structure, albeit by consigning women to a separate sphere of light industrial activity (due to women'southward lesser physical strength) and making various exceptions for them in society to make room for (and to praise) maternity. One of the earlier feminist utopias that imagines complete separatism is Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Herland (1915).[ citation needed ]

In scientific discipline fiction and technological speculation, gender can exist challenged on the biological equally well as the social level. Marge Piercy'due south Woman on the Border of Fourth dimension portrays equality betwixt the genders and complete equality in sexuality (regardless of the gender of the lovers). Birth-giving, often felt as the divider that cannot exist avoided in discussions of women's rights and roles, has been shifted onto elaborate biological mechanism that functions to offer an enriched embryonic experience. When a kid is born, it spends near of its time in the children'due south ward with peers. Three "mothers" per child are the norm and they are chosen in a gender neutral manner (men likewise as women may become "mothers") on the basis of their experience and ability. Technological advances also brand possible the freeing of women from childbearing in Shulamith Firestone's The Dialectic of Sex. The fictional aliens in Mary Gentle'due south Golden Witchbreed starting time out as gender-neutral children and do not develop into men and women until puberty and gender has no bearing on social roles. In contrast, Doris Lessing's The Marriages Betwixt Zones Iii, Four and V (1980) suggests that men'south and women's values are inherent to the sexes and cannot be changed, making a compromise between them essential. In My Own Utopia (1961) by Elizabeth Mann Borghese, gender exists merely is dependent upon age rather than sex – genderless children mature into women, some of whom somewhen get men.[55] "William Marston's Wonder Adult female comics of the 1940s featured Paradise Island, too known equally Themyscira, a matriarchal all-female person community of peace, loving submission, chains and giant space kangaroos."[56]

Utopian unmarried-gender worlds or single-sexual practice societies have long been one of the primary means to explore implications of gender and gender-differences.[57] In speculative fiction, female-merely worlds have been imagined to come nearly by the action of disease that wipes out men, along with the development of technological or mystical method that allow female parthenogenic reproduction. Charlotte Perkins Gilman'southward 1915 novel approaches this type of split up society. Many feminist utopias pondering separatism were written in the 1970s, as a response to the Lesbian separatist movement;[57] [58] [59] examples include Joanna Russ's The Female Man and Suzy McKee Charnas's Walk to the Finish of the World and Motherlines.[59] Utopias imagined by male authors take often included equality between sexes, rather than separation, although equally noted Bellamy's strategy includes a certain corporeality of "separate only equal".[60] The apply of female person-only worlds allows the exploration of female independence and freedom from patriarchy. The societies may exist lesbian, such as Daughters of a Coral Dawn by Katherine V. Forrest or not, and may not exist sexual at all – a famous early on sexless case beingness Herland (1915) by Charlotte Perkins Gilman.[58] Charlene Ball writes in Women'south Studies Encyclopedia that utilise of speculative fiction to explore gender roles in time to come societies has been more common in the United States compared to Europe and elsewhere,[55] although such efforts as Gerd Brantenberg's Egalia's Daughters and Christa Wolf's portrayal of the country of Colchis in her Medea: Voices are certainly as influential and famous as any of the American feminist utopias.

Ecological [edit]

Ecological utopian society describes new ways in which gild should relate to nature. These works perceive a widening gap between the mod Western way of living that destroys nature[61] and a more traditional manner of living before industrialization.[62] Ecological utopias may advocate a social club that is more than sustainable. According to the Dutch philosopher Marius de Geus, ecological utopias could exist inspirational sources for movements involving green politics.[63]

Utopian architecture [edit]

Utopian architecture is architecture inspired past utopianism.[64] Examples for such an compages are Phalanstère, Arcology and Garden Cities. Also, the concept domed metropolis functions as a potential utopia.[65]

Nowa Huta and Magnitogorsk are examples of entirely planned utopian socialist ideal cities.[66] In September 2021, American billionaire Marc Lore announced Telosa, a utopian planned US city.[67] [68]

See likewise [edit]

  • Category:Utopian communities
  • List of utopian literature
  • Utopia (disambiguation)
  • Utopia for Realists
  • Utopian and dystopian fiction
    • Category:Utopian fiction

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Giroux, Henry A. (2003). "Utopian thinking under the sign of neoliberalism: Towards a critical pedagogy of educated hope" (PDF). Democracy & Nature. Routledge. 9 (i): 91–105. doi:ten.1080/1085566032000074968.
  2. ^ Giroux, H. (2003). "Utopian thinking under the sign of neoliberalism: Towards a critical education of educated hope". Republic & Nature. 9 (one): 91–105. doi:10.1080/1085566032000074968.
  3. ^ Sargent, Lyman Tower (2010). Utopianism: A very brusque introduction. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 21. doi:10.1093/actrade/9780199573400.003.0002. ISBN978-0-19-957340-0.
  4. ^ a b Sargent, Lyman Belfry (2005). Rüsen, Jörn; Fehr, Michael; Reiger, Thomas W. (eds.). The Necessity of Utopian Thinking: A cantankerous-national perspective. Thinking Utopia: Steps into Other Worlds (Report). New York: Berghahn Books. p. 11. ISBN978-1-57181-440-1.
  5. ^ Lodder, C.; Kokkori, Thousand; Mileeva, Chiliad. (2013). Utopian Reality: Reconstructing culture in revolutionary Russia and beyond. Leiden, Holland: Koninklijke Brill NV. pp. 1–9. ISBN978-ninety-04-26320-eight.
  6. ^ Uchronia: Uchronie (50'utopie dans l'histoire), esquisse historique apocryphe du développement de la civilisation européenne tel qu'il northward'a pas été, tel qu'il aurait pu être, Uchronia.cyberspace, retrieved 2011-10-01 , reprinted 1988, ISBN 2-213-02058-2.
  7. ^ Douglas, Christopher (2013). ""Something That Has Already Happened": Recapitulation and Religious Indifference in The Plot Against America". MFS Mod Fiction Studies. 59 (4): 784–810. doi:10.1353/mfs.2013.0045. ISSN 1080-658X. S2CID 162310618.
  8. ^ Fondanèche, Daniel; Chatelain, Danièle; Slusser, George (1988). "Dick, the Libertarian Prophet (Dick: une prophète libertaire)". Science Fiction Studies. xv (2): 141–151. ISSN 0091-7729. JSTOR 4239877.
  9. ^ Filozofický slovník 1977, due south. 561
  10. ^ PERNÝ, Lukáš: Utopians, Visionaries of the World of the Time to come (The History of Utopias and Utopianism), Martin: Matica slovenská, 2020, p. 16
  11. ^ Frederick Engels. Socialism: Utopian and Scientific.
  12. ^ "Slavoj Žižek on Utopia".
  13. ^ ŠIMEČKA, K. (1963): Sociálne utópie a utopisti, Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo Osveta
  14. ^ SŤAHEL, R. In: MICHALKOVÁ, R.: Symposion: Utópie. Bratislava: RTVS. 2017
  15. ^ More, Travis; Vinod, Rohith (1989)
  16. ^ "Thomas More'due south Utopia". www.bl.uk . Retrieved fourteen May 2017.
  17. ^ "Utopian Socialism". www.utopiaanddystopia.com. The Utopian Socialism Movement. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  18. ^ Dalley, Jan (30 December 2015). "Openings: Going back to Utopia". Financial Times . Retrieved 27 Baronial 2018.
  19. ^ Robert Paul Sutton, Communal Utopias and the American Experience: Religious Communities (2003) p. 38
  20. ^ Teuvo Peltoniemi (1984). "Finnish Utopian Settlements in North America" (PDF). sosiomedia.fi. Retrieved 2008-10-12 .
  21. ^ Sosis, Richard (2000). "Religion and Intragroup Cooperation: Preliminary Results of a Comparative Analysis of Utopian Communities" (PDF). Cross-Cultural Research. SAGE Publishing. 34 (i): 70–87. doi:10.1177/106939710003400105. S2CID 44050390. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 25, 2020. Retrieved Jan 7, 2020.
  22. ^ Sosis, Richard; Bressler, Eric R. (2003). "Cooperation and Commune Longevity: A Examination of the Plush Signaling Theory of Religion". Cross-Cultural Inquiry. SAGE Publishing. 37 (2): 211–239. CiteSeerX10.1.1.500.5715. doi:10.1177/1069397103037002003. S2CID 7908906.
  23. ^ Haidt, Jonathan (2012). The Righteous Listen: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Organized religion. New York: Vintage Books. pp. 298–299. ISBN978-0307455772.
  24. ^ Nesse, Randolph (2019). Skillful Reasons for Bad Feelings: Insights from the Borderland of Evolutionary Psychiatry. Dutton. pp. 172–176. ISBN978-1101985663.
  25. ^ Westward-Eberhard, Mary Jane (1975). "The Evolution of Social Behavior past Kin Selection". The Quarterly Review of Biological science. Academy of Chicago Press. 50 (1): 1–33. doi:10.1086/408298. JSTOR 2821184. S2CID 14459515.
  26. ^ West-Eberhard, Mary Jane (1979). "Sexual Option, Social Contest, and Development". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. American Philosophical Society. 123 (4): 222–34. JSTOR 986582.
  27. ^ Nesse, Randolph M. (2007). "Runaway social choice for displays of partner value and altruism". Biological Theory. Springer Science+Business Media. 2 (two): 143–55. doi:ten.1162/biot.2007.2.ii.143. S2CID 195097363.
  28. ^ Nesse, Randolph M. (2009). "x. Social Selection and the Origins of Civilisation". In Schaller, Marker; Heine, Steven J.; Norenzayan, Ara; Yamagishi, Toshio; Kameda, Tatsuya (eds.). Development, Culture, and the Human Mind. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis. pp. 137–50. ISBN978-0805859119.
  29. ^ Joel B. Green; Jacqueline Lapsley; Rebekah Miles; Allen Verhey, eds. (2011). Dictionary of Scripture and Ethics. Ada Township, Michigan: Baker Books. p. 190. ISBN978-ane-4412-3998-3. This goodness theme is advanced nearly definitively through the promise of a renewal of all creation, a hope present in OT prophetic literature (Isa. 65:17–25) but portrayed most strikingly through Revelation's vision of a "new heaven and a new earth" (Rev. 21:i). In that location the divine king of creation promises to renew all of reality: "Meet, I am making all things new" (Rev. 21:5).
  30. ^ Steve Moyise; Maarten J.J. Menken, eds. (2005). Isaiah in the New Testament. The New Testament and the Scriptures of Israel. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 201. ISBN978-0-567-61166-6. By alluding to the new Creation prophecy of Isaiah John emphasizes the qualitatively new state of affairs that will exist at God'due south new creative deed. In addition to the passing of the sometime heaven and world, John also asserts that the sea was no more in 21:1c.
  31. ^ Inc., Net Innovations. "The Book of the Secrets of Enoch, Capacity 1-68". reluctant-messenger.com . Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  32. ^ M.I.Finley, Globe of Odysseus, 1954, 100.
  33. ^ Homer Odyssey 6:251-vii:155
  34. ^ Haag, Herbert (1969). Is original sin in Scripture?. New York: Sheed and Ward. ISBN9780836202502. German or. ed.: 1966.
  35. ^ (in German) Haag, Herbert (1966). pp. 1, 49ff.
  36. ^ Cobham Brewer Due east. Brewer'due south Lexicon of Phrase and Fable, Odhams, London, 1932
  37. ^ Tian, Xiaofei (2010). "From the Eastern Jin through the Early on Tang (317–649)". The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 221. ISBN978-0-521-85558-vii.
  38. ^ Berkowitz, Alan J. (2000). Patterns of Disengagement: the Practice and Portrayal of Reclusion in Early Medieval China. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 225. ISBN978-0-8047-3603-9.
  39. ^ a b Longxi, Zhang (2005). Allegoresis: Reading Canonical Literature East and West. Ithaca: Cornell Academy Press. p. 182. ISBN978-0-8014-4369-5.
  40. ^ a b Longxi, Zhang (2005). Allegoresis: Reading Canonical Literature E and West. Ithaca: Cornell University Printing. pp. 182–183. ISBN978-0-8014-4369-v.
  41. ^ a b c d Longxi, Zhang (2005). Allegoresis: Reading Approved Literature E and West. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 183. ISBN978-0-8014-4369-5.
  42. ^ Gu, Ming Dong (2006). Chinese Theories of Fiction: A Non-Western Narrative System. Albany: Land University of New York Press. p. 59. ISBN978-0-7914-6815-nine.
  43. ^ Patry, Denise; Strahan, Donna; Becker, Lawrence (2010). Wisdom Embodied: Chinese Buddhist and Daoist Sculpture in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 58. ISBN9781588393999.
  44. ^ Maddegama, Udaya (1993). Sermon of the Chronicle-to-be. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 32–33. ISBN9788120811331.
  45. ^ Heller, Nathan (2018-07-02). "Who Actually Stands to Win from Universal Basic Income?". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 2019-08-25 .
  46. ^ "Are Danes Really That Happy? The Myth Of The Scandinavian Utopia". NPR.org . Retrieved 2019-08-25 .
  47. ^ Woollacott, Angela (2015). "Systematic Colonization: From South Australia to Australind". Settler Lodge in the Australian Colonies: Self-Regime and Royal Civilisation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 39. ISBN9780191017735 . Retrieved 24 June 2020. In Wakefield'south utopia, land policy would limit the expansion of the frontier and regulate class relationships.
  48. ^ "the Thaw – Soviet cultural history". Retrieved fourteen May 2017.
  49. ^ Fries, Sylvia, The Urban Idea in Colonial America, Chapters iii and v
  50. ^ Dwelling house, Robert, Of Planting and Planning: The Making of British Colonial Cities, ix
  51. ^ Wilson, Thomas, The Oglethorpe Plan, Chapters 1 and two
  52. ^ "America and the Utopian Dream – Utopian Communities". brbl-archive.library.yale.edu . Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  53. ^ "For All the People: Uncovering the Hidden History of Cooperation, Cooperative Movements and Communalism in America, 2nd Edition". secure.pmpress.org . Retrieved 2017-04-26 .
  54. ^ Curl, John (2009). "Communalism in th 20th Century". For All the People: Uncovering the Hidden History of Cooperation, Cooperative Movements, and Communalism in America (ii ed.). Oakland, California: PM Press (published 2012). pp. 312–333. ISBN9781604867329 . Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  55. ^ a b c Tierney, Helen (1999). Women's Studies Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Grouping. p. 1442. ISBN978-0-313-31073-7.
  56. ^ Noah Berlatsky, "Imagine There's No Gender: The Long History of Feminist Utopian Literature," The Atlantic, April 15, 2013. https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/04/imagine-theres-no-gender-the-long-history-of-feminist-utopian-literature/274993/
  57. ^ a b Attebery, p. 13.
  58. ^ a b Gaétan Brulotte & John Phillips,Encyclopedia of Erotic Literature, "Scientific discipline Fiction and Fantasy", CRC Press, 2006, p. 1189, ISBN i-57958-441-ane
  59. ^ a b Martha A. Bartter, The Utopian Fantastic, "Momutes", Robin Anne Reid, p. 101 ISBN 0-313-31635-X
  60. ^ Martha A. Bartter, The Utopian Fantastic, "Momutes", Robin Anne Reid, p. 102[ ISBN missing ]
  61. ^ Kirk, Andrew G. (2007). Counterculture Light-green: the Whole Earth Catalog and American environmentalism. University Printing of Kansas. p. 86. ISBN978-0-7006-1545-2.
  62. ^ For examples and explanations, meet: Marshall, Alan (2016). Ecotopia 2121: A Vision of Our Future Light-green Utopia. New York: Arcade Publishers. ISBN978-1-62872-614-v. And Schneider-Mayerson, Matthew, and Bellamy, Brent Ryan (2019). An Ecotopian Dictionary. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-151790-589-7
  63. ^ de Geus, Marius (1996). Ecologische utopieën – Ecotopia'southward en het milieudebat. Uitgeverij Jan van Arkel.
  64. ^ Green, ERNEST J. (1993). "The Social Functions of Utopian Compages". Utopian Studies. 4 (1): 1–xiii. ISSN 1045-991X. JSTOR 20719143. Retrieved xix September 2021.
  65. ^ Squire, Rachael; Adey, Peter; Jensen, Rikke Bjerg (23 November 2018). Dome, sugariness dwelling: climate shelters past, present and future.
  66. ^ "Nowa Huta: Kraków'due south Socialist Realism Suburb". www.inyourpocket.com . Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  67. ^ Kingdom of the netherlands, Oscar (6 September 2021). "Plans for $400-billion new city in the American desert unveiled". CNN. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  68. ^ Del Rey, Jason (15 Jan 2021). "Walmart's east-commerce chief is leaving to build 'a city of the futurity'". Vocalism. Archived from the original on 31 Jan 2021. Retrieved vii September 2021.
Bundled references

References [edit]

  • Utopia: The History of an Idea (2020), past Gregory Claeys. London: Thames & Hudson.
  • Two Kinds of Utopia, (1912) by Vladimir Lenin. www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1912/oct/00.htm
  • Development of Socialism from Utopia to Science (1870?) by Friedrich Engels.
  • Ideology and Utopia: an Introduction to the Folklore of Knowledge (1936), by Karl Mannheim, translated by Louis Wirth and Edward Shils. New York, Harcourt, Caryatid. See original, Ideologie Und Utopie, Bonn: Cohen.
  • History and Utopia (1960), by Emil Cioran.
  • Utopian Thought in the Western Globe (1979), by Frank E. Manuel & Fritzie Manuel. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-674-93185-8
  • California'south Utopian Colonies (1983), by Robert V. Hine. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-04885-7
  • The Principle of Hope (1986), by Ernst Bloch. See original, 1937–41, Das Prinzip Hoffnung
  • Demand the Incommunicable: Science Fiction and the Utopian Imagination (1986) past Tom Moylan. London: Methuen, 1986.
  • Utopia and Anti-utopia in Modern Times (1987), by Krishnan Kumar. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-16714-five
  • The Concept of Utopia (1990), by Ruth Levitas. London: Allan.
  • Utopianism (1991), by Krishnan Kumar. Milton Keynes: Open Academy Printing. ISBN 0-335-15361-5
  • La storia delle utopie (1996), by Massimo Baldini. Roma: Armando. ISBN 9788871444772
  • The Utopia Reader (1999), edited by Gregory Claeys and Lyman Tower Sargent. New York: New York University Printing.
  • Spirit of Utopia (2000), by Ernst Bloch. Run across original, Geist Der Utopie, 1923.
  • El País de Karu o de los tiempos en que todo se reemplazaba por otra cosa (2001), by Daniel Cerqueiro. Buenos Aires: Ed. Peq. Ven. ISBN 987-9239-12-1
  • Archaeologies of the Time to come: The Desire Chosen Utopia and Other Scientific discipline Fictions (2005) by Fredric Jameson. London: Verso.
  • Utopianism: A Very Short Introduction (2010), by Lyman Tower Sargent. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Defined past a Hollow: Essays on Utopia, Science Fiction and Political Epistemology (2010) by Darko Suvin. Frankfurt am Main, Oxford and Bern: Peter Lang.
  • Existential Utopia: New Perspectives on Utopian Idea (2011), edited by Patricia Vieira and Michael Marder. London & New York: Continuum. ISBN i-4411-6921-0
  • "Galt's Gulch: Ayn Rand's Utopian Mirage" (2012), by Alan Clardy. Utopian Studies 23, 238–262. ISSN 1045-991X
  • The Nationality of Utopia: H. G. Wells, England, and the Earth State (2020), by Maxim Shadurski. New York and London: Routledge. ISBN 978-03-67330-49-1
  • Utopia equally a World Model: The Boundaries and Borderlands of a Literary Phenomenon (2016), by Maxim Shadurski. Siedlce: IKR[i]BL. ISBN 978-83-64884-57-3.
  • An Ecotopian Dictionary (2019), edited by Matthew Schneider-Mayerson and Brent Ryan Bellamy. Academy of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1517905897.

External links [edit]

  • "Utopia". Catholic Encyclopedia. 1913.
  • Utopia – The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2001
  • Intentional Communities Directory
  • History of fifteen Finnish utopian settlements in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Australia and Europe.
  • Towards Another Utopia of The City Institute of Urban Design, Bremen, Deutschland
  • Ecotopia 2121: A Vision of Our Futurity Green Utopia – in 100 Cities.
  • Utopias – a learning resource from the British Library
  • Utopia of the Proficient An essay on Utopias and their nature.
  • Review of Ehud Ben ZVI, Ed. (2006). Utopia and Dystopia in Prophetic Literature. Helsinki: The Finnish Exegetical Society. A drove of articles on the issue of utopia and dystopia.
  • The story of Utopias Mumford, Lewis
  • [1] North America
  • [two] Europe
  • Utopian Studies academic periodical
  • Matthew Pethers. "Utopia". Words of the World. Brady Haran (University of Nottingham).

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia

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